Wet chemistry analyzers and autotitrators are jokingly called “chemist in the box” devices, because they automatically and accurately perform the operations that a laboratory chemist would perform manually to gain the same end result. Because of their complexity, one might think of them as the forerunners of robotics in the field of process control.

From the hardware point of view, flow injection analysis (FIA) methods eliminate much of the complexity but add the requirement of precise timing. The laboratory variations of these units actually use robotic arms to automatically and sequentially analyze up to 100 samples while recording the data, rinsing the sample tubes, etc. Readers who are interested in maintaining contact and staying up to date with the most recent developments in the field of wet chemistry analyzers should participate in the conferences on process analyzers organized by IFPAC. 1 AUTOMATIC TITRATION Titration is a volume measurement process in which an unknown concentration of a substance is determined by detecting the volume of a standard reagent that is needed to complete a reaction (to reach a reaction end point). The point of equivalence represents the perfect stoichiometric balance between unknown substance and the reagent. The error in titration—the difference between the equivalence point and the actual end point—is called the indicator blank. Types of Reactions and End-Point Detectors Titrations can be grouped by the type of reaction , which can be acid-base, oxidation-reduction (ORP), complexation, or precipitation.

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