Friction loss moduli for laminar flow are shown by the 45 ∞ lines in the upper left-hand portion of each chart. Moduli for turbulent flow are shown by the steeper curves in the lower right-hand portion. Both of these regions represent stable states of flow. A diagonal line separates the regions where M = friction loss modulus for 100 ft (30 m) of pipe D p = pressure loss in lb/in. 2 per 100 feet of pipe SG = specific gravity of fluid at 60 ∞ F (15.6 ∞ C)

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